Three common paths in interface research.

BPCC (Bubble Pump Consumption Chronoamperometry) is an in-situ method: under constant potential, a metered bubble is injected onto the gas diffusion electrode surface, and the characteristic nodes of the current-time curve resolve the bubble transport process, enabling calculation of porosity φ, effective active-site density ρEC and gas diffusion coefficient D. The full method, system composition and workflow are on the BPCC-A product page.

• ① A metered bubble injected onto the GDE surface enters the internal pores, and the current produces a characteristic response whose shape directly reflects bubble transport.
• ② The curve divides into regions I and II, corresponding to bubbles occupying pores and altering the gas-liquid interface, then diffusing and dissipating inside the electrode.
• ③ The ti, tb, tm, tc, te characteristic nodes resolve the bubble transport process, enabling quantitative calculation of porosity φ, effective active-site density ρEC and gas diffusion coefficient D.